By now, you’ve surely seen the headline—that a 6-3, ideologically divided Court, in an opinion by Justice Barrett, sharply limited “universal” injunctions to cases in which they are necessary to provide “complete relief” to the parties. [...] The ruling has provoked sharp reactions from across the spectrum—including fairly apocalyptic takes from at least some savvy Court watchers.
There’s no question, in my mind, that today’s ruling dramatically restructures the relationship between federal courts and other government institutions (and between the Supreme Court and lower federal courts)—in ways both big and small. How
deleterious those changes are to the ability of courts to hold the President accountable depends, in my view, on how three questions are answered—questions raised by today’s ruling, but very much
not answered by it:
1. When will parties (especially states) need a universal injunction in order to obtain “complete” relief?
2. If lower courts start certifying more nationwide classes in suits challenging federal policies, will the Supreme Court approve?
3. To what extent is Justice Kavanaugh’s concurrence (and the normalization of emergency relief for which it argues), speaking for a majority?
[T]here’s much to criticize in both Justice Barrett’s majority opinion and Justice Kavanaugh’s concurrence. The long-term implications of the ruling, though, will really depend upon what happens next.
Contra some headlines, Justice Barrett’s majority opinion doesn’t foreclose “universal” injunctions in all cases. Rather, it holds that injunctive relief that directly benefits non-plaintiffs is appropriate only when it’s necessary to ensure that the plaintiffs themselves get “complete” relief. (An illustrative example of when individual plaintiffs will need universal relief is in redistricting cases—where states often need to redraw maps on a statewide basis to redress a successful challenge by even a single plaintiff.) Put another way, if an injunction limited to the plaintiffs in that case will give those plaintiffs all the relief to which they’re entitled, nothing broader is permitted. That’s the holding, in a nutshell.
The majority never actually explains why CASA (the lead private plaintiff in the Maryland challenge to the birthright citizenship executive order) can receive complete relief with an injunction that applies only to it and its members. Although the lower courts hadn’t spent much time on this issue (yet another issue with the Court deciding this question through emergency applications), CASA had specifically argued in the Supreme Court that it couldn’t get complete relief without a universal remedy. That said, given that the majority unambiguously voted to stay the injunction in the
CASA case, it seems to have at least implicitly concluded that a CASA-specific injunction is sufficient. But the other two cases before the Supreme Court have states as plaintiffs. And although the Trump administration had asked the justices to knock the states out, the Court (implicitly) declined in today’s ruling. So those cases go forward with state plaintiffs, for which the complete relief question is much harder.
[...]
I’ve written before about
the relationship between universal injunctions and nationwide class actions—and the view that the availability of nationwide class actions reduces the significance of the Supreme Court’s narrowing of universal injunctions. Indeed, perhaps the biggest question today’s ruling raises is whether we’re going to see a resurgence of what are known as “23(b)(2)” class actions seeking nationwide relief—where a small number of named plaintiffs seek injunctions against federal policies on behalf of everyone across the country who is similarly situated. As I’m writing this, we’ve already seen parties in several of the birthright citizenship cases move to certify such classes.
Class actions are harder to bring, at least largely
thanks to the Supreme Court—and a series of rulings from the early 2010s that ratcheted up the requirements for certifying nationwide classes. On top of that, states (and organizations like CASA)
can’t be class-action plaintiffs (the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure that authorizes class-wide relief requires the plaintiffs to be persons).
Steve Vladeck